Security Services Administration and Management

Security Services Administration and Management The chronicled improvement of private security in the United States has changed definitely throughout the hundreds of years. The requirement for private security has developed also. There are numerous holes and territories for interruption inside the present open law authorization framework, nearly commanding the need for private security. As the need and desires for the private security develops, so will the capabilities for these positions. Understanding the historical backdrop of the business improvement makes an approach to gain from an earlier time, and roll out vital improvements for the future.Private security is the foundation of the American culture, and will constantly develop to forestall and shield society from a likely mischief. In past occasions, the private security industry was used as a methods for reinforcement to open law implementation in cleverness and labor. History going back to the 1800’s shows that the po lice divisions were rare and seen as regularly degenerate which made the need for private security. The individuals of these occasions needed to use vigilante equity to institute some kind of law enforcement.There was a need and an interest for private security. It was not until 1851 that the primary national private security and examination administration was built up by Allen Pinkerton (Ortmeier, 2012). After this, numerous people actualized different types of security. For instance, in 1853 August Pope had the principal criminal alert protected, and in 1858, Edwin Holmes created the main focal station thief caution (Ortmeier, 2012). Likewise, in 1958, Washington Brinks structured the principal heavily clad carriage for safe transportation of assets. In 1899 SWAT was shaped under the private part classification.In 1909, William Burns made a global criminologist organization (Ortmeier, 2012). Basically these private offices have been around as long as the open offices in the United States. In today’s society, these private security organizations are basic for the assurance and endurance of organizations, people, and even government areas. History has appeared with the execution of another type of private security comes new dangers against them. Private security doesn't mean simply being a shopping center cop; there are a huge number of private offices being used today.There are sure factors that lead to the need to actualize a huge development inside private security. This can be dated right back to the pre-Civil War time where the absence of open police was clear and brought about the private business to endure an enormous money related misfortune. In today’s society, this danger has developed to another extraordinary. After the awful occasions that unfolded during 9/11, it became clear that the United States expected to make changes to keep fear based oppression from occurring on its dirt once more. Innovation violations are at an unsurpassed high; this makes a possibly more prominent requirement for worldwide security.What began with a bunch of private security alternatives has developed into a critical number of organizations. â€Å"Private security is turning into a progressively noteworthy power in open security and wellbeing. 678,160 laborers utilized in private security contrasted and just 580,428 in open law authorization. Private security in this nation would keep on developing, expanding at a quicker pace than open law requirement. It is clear founded on insights, that private security in this nation is bigger than open police organizations and will assume an increasingly significant job in wrongdoing counteraction and security in the future† (Clede, 1993).This need will keep on developing since open law enforcement’s numbers will consistently be managed, and basically there will never be sufficient labor to satisfy the needs connected with it. As private security keeps on developing, it keeps on a dvancing toward polished methodology. As the need develops so do the desires. â€Å"Today private security is advancing toward another polished skill. In characterizing the ideal polished skill, most specialists regularly refer to the requirement for a code of morals and for accreditations including instruction and preparing, experience, and enrollment in an expert society† (Fischer and Green, 2004).Public law implementation representatives are gotten through over the top preparing to have the option to enough carry out their responsibility and serve general society. They are not simply given a firearm and an identification and advised to ensure the general population. There are such a large number of things that can go on with regards to wrongdoing and defilement that people need to figure out how to by and by think and respond appropriately when in a circumstance. This can be significantly progressively basic in a significant number of the distinctive private security zones . Universities offer four-year preparing projects to help in setting up that person for their situation in the private security industry.There are likewise confirmation programs that guarantee that preparation is given appropriately for the agency’s workers. Already, the normal security monitor was undertrained, come up short on, and unregulated. In the event that there were no observable penetrates, these gatekeepers would need to cooperate with no kind of management. In any case, when occasions unfolded, the organization needed to address the evil readiness given in giving this private security to whatever organization they were ensuring. Another factor that is changing the polished skill in private security is the requests related with the position.There are various private security organizations that manage innovation and determinations. This is an industry that for all intents and purposes changes consistently. The main way that these private security representatives can effectively carry out their responsibility is to have the best possible training, preparing, and constant instructional input. The national security, money related industry, and individual security of the United States might succumb to a danger if these private security offices are not completely equipped for giving the essential protection.In today’s society, security experts should take an uncommon enthusiasm for the historical backdrop of the industry’s advancement. Some portion of the improvement is needy after comprehending what has and has not been fruitful previously. History has a method of rehashing itself, now and again in various varieties, yet the result is comparable. For private security experts they have to realize points of interest in regards to the history and movement inside their individual organization. It could likewise be advantageous to pick up indistinguishable information on comparable organizations from well.The history of a private security office can likewise make a path for expected upgrades. Workers can see the movement and comprehend that they are a fundamental piece of things to come. The progressions that secured them yesterday will in all likelihood be old tomorrow. This need for headway will permit them to see the condition that got them to their current practices and keep hidden security specialists one stride in front of what they are attempting to guard against. History is a significant piece of any professional’s advancement; this is considerably more genuine with regards to private security and its capacity to ensure and enforce.Private security is the foundation of the American culture, and will consistently develop to forestall and shield society from an expected damage. Over the past couple hundreds of years this idea has gone from nonexistent to a command need for America’s generally speaking prosperity. The private security industry has become so critical on account of the staggering de filement and untruthfulness that is tormenting society. As the necessities change so will the desires, instruction, and prerequisites for the workers to viably have the option to encourage the security demands.Private security offices will keep on going with the requests to fill in the holes that are left with the open law authorization divisions and give a truly necessary security that would not have been there in any case. References Clede, B. (1993). Security official's manual. Minocqua, WI: Lakeland Pub. Fischer, R. J. , and Green, G. (2004). Prologue to security. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Ortmeier, P. J. (2012). Prologue to security: Operations and the board (fourth ed. ). Boston: Pearson.

Critically review so called push and pull system of control for supply Essay

Basically audit purported push and pull arrangement of control for flexibly chains in the car sectore - Essay Example It is quite clear that the creation procedure will unquestionably be equipped towards delivering those things that are in more prominent interest as any business substance attempts to abbreviate the working capital cycle however much as could be expected in order to produce greatest measure of benefit in the most limited conceivable time span. In any case, there is one other component that influences the general productivity of any association, and that is the volume of capital utilized. As any understudy of the board bookkeeping knows about, the quantum of capital utilized in plant and hardware is pretty much uniform over an industry as all players by and large select the most recent innovation in order to appreciate greatest degrees of working effectiveness. Thus, there isn't a lot to separate between the rivals in such manner. Yet, the territory where the pioneers desert the strays is flexibly chain the board and stock control. On the off chance that an appropriate and rigid power over stock isn't kept up, the degree of capital utilized can never be cut down while keeping the operational proficiency unblemished. Nowadays the administration masters are looking past the restricted and prompt limits of stock administration and are taking a gander at dealing with the gracefully chain all in all. Gracefully bind endeavors to see the entire creation process as a consistent element that starts with statistical surveying for effectively assessing customer request and follows the progression of sources of info and administrations through the creation procedure directly till when the completed item arrives at the last purchaser. Hence this is a more extensive idea that incorporates all the partners; directly from the provider that provisions crude materials to the last purchaser that purchases the item to fulfill a specific need. In the middle of obviously lie the maker, the work and the administration contributions from the tertiary segment of the economy. A flexibly chain in

Are Addictive Behaviors or Activities Real Addictions

Are Addictive Behaviors or Activities Real Addictions May 12, 2019 Jedrzej Kaminski / EyeEm/Getty More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery We hear a lot about behavioral addictions these days â€" that people can become addicted not only to alcohol or other drugs, but to seemingly innocuous activities such as sex, shopping, video games, gambling, eating, and exercise. But are they really addictions? A central controversy in the field of addiction is whether the so-called “behavioral” addictions â€" addictions to activities such as eating, exercising, sex, video game playing, and gambling â€" are real addictions. But concepts of addiction have changed over the years, and experts vary in their understanding of what an addiction is, so until a consensus is reached, the controversy is likely to continue to some extent. However, much has been learned during the past 15 years, since the last update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) was published. With the next edition just around the corner, we may see a clearer definition of addiction. Current Status The current status of behavioral addictions is undecided. We are on the cusp of a new and long-awaited edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which will incorporate more research and debate than ever before. While a strong movement of addictions professionals and public opinion supports the recognition of addiction to behaviors such as gambling, sex, shopping, video game playing, the internet, eating, and exercise, it remains to be seen whether the American Psychiatric Association (APA), who develop, write and publish the DSM, will bring these addictions together under a new category, or will keep substance-related disorders separate. A new category of Behavioral Addictions has been proposed, as have new diagnostic labels for  hypersexuality, and Binge Eating Disorder. There are advocates â€" as well as naysayers â€" for the inclusion of each of the behavioral addictions as real addictions, but with a few notable exceptions, such as Professor Jim Orford, a clinical psychologist and author of Excessive Appetites, who has long argued for the recognition of a range of addictive behaviors, they tend to focus on one behavior rather than the full range. However, each of the major addictive behaviors mentioned here has had attempts made to formulate diagnostic criteria based on the experiences of those affected, which bear a close resemblance to existing criteria for alcohol and drug dependence and compulsive gambling. Outside of the world of professional psychiatry and psychology, the media has taken on and embraced the concepts of behavioral addictions. Oprah, the most successful, highest-rated talk show in global television history, routinely addresses topics related to a range of addictions. These topics include well-established addictions, such as illicit and prescription drug abuse, behavioral addictions, such as sex addiction and shopping addiction, and other activities that are not usually included in the discussion about addiction, such as self-cutting (often discussed in relation to Borderline Personality Disorder) and plastic surgery. The portrayal of these activities as addictions resonates with both sufferers and the viewing public, and clearly, these shows are in touch with contemporary issues. History The history of the addiction concept is grounded in work with people addicted to alcohol and other drugs. As alcohol and other drugs physically alter peoples brain chemistry, causing a cycle of tolerance and withdrawal that can keep people wanting more and more of the drug, the whole basis of addiction theory rests on the idea of chemical dependence. The toxic effects of alcohol and other drugs on the brain and the rest of the body reinforce the concept of addiction as a disease â€" people who drink a lot and take a large number of drugs for extended periods of time tend to eventually get very ill. But in fact, the disease model of addiction, which focuses on the physiological actions of drugs, was initially intended to reduce the moral judgment of addicts by portraying them as sick rather than evil. And the medical community as a whole is moving towards greater recognition of the role of stress and psychological health in all areas health and wellness. With preventative medicine and patient empowerment being embraced by both professionals and the public as legitimate approaches to addressing healthcare issues, the disease model of addiction is becoming obsolete. Compulsive or pathological gambling is the longest-running contender for the inclusion of behaviors as addictions and was included in the DSM-IV as an impulse control disorder, separate from alcohol and drug dependence. The enormous amount of research that has been conducted into problem gambling, resulting in no small way from the considerable funding provided by the gambling industry, has legitimized gambling as an addiction, and there are few that would argue against this. So if gambling is an addiction, why not other activities that provide certain individuals with the thrill and letdown that characterizes addictive behaviors? Mainly because there has not been the research, driven by associated funding, to adequately support the existence of other addictive behaviors. And the research that does exist is fragmented across many disciplines and areas of interest. And is there a risk associated with the inclusion of otherwise non-problematic behaviors alongside alcohol and drug dependence? There are important arguments on both sides of this debate. Case For The patterns of development of each addiction, the thought process involved, the reward cycle that maintains addictive behaviors, the social and relationship consequences, and the process of recovery have a great deal in common across addictive behaviors. If we recognize that the addiction process itself, rather than the particular substance or behavior, is what is causing the problems that people with addictions face, many difficulties with the current system of classification and treatment can be overcome. Understanding, for example, that it is not gambling  per se  that is causing the gambling addict to lose everything, but a process of avoiding the reality of his situation, allows a therapist to work with him in facing up to, accepting, and improving his life. In the same way, understanding that a drug user, binge eater, excessive exerciser, or obsessive bargain hunter are all using these behaviors to try and avoid the stress of their lives, and in the process, are making things worse, allows therapy to focus on resolving this, rather than fixating on the behavior itself. An inclusive model of addiction also allows us to adequately prepare people for the risk that they will not only relapse to their previous addictive behavior but that they also risk developing another addiction. This common problem is a result of not learning effective coping skills to deal with life stresses, and, with the focus on the previous addictive behavior, to develop the same addictive pattern with another behavior. Treatment approaches, such as the stages of change model and motivational interviewing, are successful in treating addictions of all kinds. Recognition of the addictive process as the primary driving force behind all addictive behaviors, whether they are focused on a substance or an activity, allows many more people to be helped in integrated addictions services. Some of these services already exist, and the inclusion of different addictions in group therapy is highly advantageous to the therapeutic process, as people disengage from the specific behavior and recognize instead what it is doing for them, and how to meet this need in a healthier way. Another positive aspect of the recognition of behavioral addictions as real addictions is that it de-emphasizes the inadequate disease model of addiction, which has run its course and no longer serves its original purpose. Case Against An important argument against the inclusion of a range of behaviors in a concept of addiction is that they may not be addictions. While the patterns might be the same, it is possible that addiction to substances is a completely different process from compulsive behaviors. As Dr. Christopher Fairburn stated: The fact that things are similar or have properties in common does not make them the same. And focussing exclusively on these similarities... distracts from the difference between these behaviors. Another argument against including non-substance behaviors in a theory of addiction is that the physical consequences of alcohol and drug use are so severe that including less harmful activities dilutes the importance of genuine addictions, and makes them more socially acceptable. This trivializes the severity of alcohol and drug dependence, making these substances seem as harmless as spending too much at the mall or overindulging in chocolate cake. Also, some people think that including non-substance activities as addictions means that the term is used so loosely that it could be applied to any behavior, and everyone could be seen to be addicted to something. Jim Orford quotes another psychologist, Hans Eysenck, as saying, I like playing tennis and writing books on psychology; does that mean that I am addicted to tennis and book writing? Where It Stands As we await the DSM-V, the word addiction is part of popular culture. The media continues to use the addiction label to describe excessive behavior, and it is used in everyday language as people seek help for their own excessive behavior, and that of their loved ones. In response to critics of the inclusive addiction approach: Individual and special aspects of each addictive behavior can be addressed while people work on the psychological aspects of their  addiction and can be integrated with medical approaches. The facetious argument that addiction could be applied to anything anyone enjoys is missing the point. It is not enjoying an activity that makes it an addiction, it is engaging in it so excessively that other areas of life suffer. If Hans Eysenck was playing so much tennis that his health and relationships were suffering, absolutely, he could be addicted to tennis playing. The same goes for his book writing. Find Treatment With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

1.(Tco a) - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 376 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? 1. (TCO A) Suppose you are hired to manage a small manufacturing facility that produces Widgets. (a. ) You know from data collected on the Widget Market that market demand and market supply have both increased recently. As manager of the facility, what decisions should you make regarding production levels and pricing for your Widget facility? Because supply has increased along with demand it isnt clear what decision should be made. The manager should gather information as far as how much greater the increase in demand has become. It may indicate the need to increase production. On the other hand, the entrance of new competitors could indicate the need for greater advertising to increase brand recognition, or the introduction of new products. Greater demand means that prices can be increased, as long as the demand isnt matched by the increase in supply. In other words, In this case, the manager would increase the supply and price; but is should increase both in a controlled environment so that the total revenue profits does not drop (for example, raising price beyond a certain price might decrease the demand thus reducing overall profit) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "1.(Tco a)" essay for you Create order Also, the supply should be increased so that Marginal Cost Marginal Revenue Remember that supply and demand are about the market supply and market demand, which is bigger than your own company. You are being given data on supply and demand for the whole market, and are being asked what effect that has on you as a small part of that market. (b. ) Now, suppose that following the supply and demand changes in (a), a substitute good goes up in price, and your costs of production increase. What new decisions will you make regarding production levels and pricing for your Widget facility? Points: 30) Increase the production levels more than increasing the price as now you can generate incremental net profit at same pricing. If the price of a substitute good increases, then demand for your product should increase. The increase in the cost of production, however, will cause your revenue to fall if you keep your price the same. The increase in demand should enable you to increase price, selling perhaps the same number as before but at a higher price. This will keep revenue from falling.

shark attack - 845 Words

Answer the following questions: 1. Identify at least five organ systems in this region of the arm that the surgeon would have marked for reattachment. 2. List the names of the specific structures that had to be reattached. Cardiovascular, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, and Integumentary 3. What organ system was most likely not reattached? Explain. Nervous system, it will never be the same again. 4. Why was a clean bite so important? The muscle tissue is not torn to pieces. 5. Why was the bone shortened? They had to add a plate so it had to be trimmed down for the pieces 6. Identify the movements associated with the arm, forearm, wrist, and fingers. Rotation, flexing, extension, hyperextension, proation, and supination. 7.†¦show more content†¦So far, I have told you the good news, the bad news is that his arm will probably never gain the same movement it once had. The nerves in his arm can never be attached the same as they were before once they have been severed the way your sons have been. This unfortunately means he might have a little bit of trouble from this arm throughout his lifetime. The movement in his arm, forearm, and hand will be very limited an awkward for him. Jim will probably have trouble playingShow MoreRelatedWhat Causes Sharks to Attack?800 Words   |  3 PagesAmong those species, at the top of the food chain are sharks. Sharks are said to be one of the most dangerous oceanic species in the world. Knowing this information, why do people continue to swim in shark infested waters? I am interested to find out what causes sharks to attack, and if there is anything in common with most or all shark attack victims. Are sharks more likely to attack males rather than females? Are more attacks made by sharks on surfers, rather than swimmers? The answers to all ofRead MoreWhat to Do in a Shark Attacks, An Outline Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesTopic Shark Attacks General Purpose To inform Specific Purpose To inform the audience of how common shark attacks are, what to do if one were to encounter a shark attack, and to give interesting facts about sharks and shark attacks. Central Idea When in a shark attack, one should remain calm and follow simple instructions. Also to show where the most common places for shark attacks are and more interesting facts about sharks. Introduction Would you believe me if I told you that you had a betterRead MoreShark Attacks773 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat white shark veraciously attacks him. This is what comes to mind when most people think of sharks, but they are not really just man-eating monsters of the sea. Sharks are a fascinating group of fishes that strike fear into the minds of humans, but they are nothing to be afraid of. 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The great white shark is a large fish, with a torpedo-shaped body, 5 gills slits, an anal fin, no fin spines, pointed snout, crescent- shaped tails, and 3 main fins which are the dorsal fin which is on the back of the shark and the two pectoral fins which are on the shark’s side. These massive fish average fromRead MoreWe Must Save the Great White Shark from Extinction4317 Words   |  18 PagesWe Must Save the Great White Shark from Extinction The Great White Shark, immortalized by the Hollywood film Jaws, is at the midst of an international controversy. The shark, despite its notoriety, is in danger of extinction. A conflict over the fate of these sharks has existed for decades, but with recent attacks the debate has come to the forefront. The environmental conflict over the Great White Shark has yet to reach a conclusion, as many factors exist that hinder resolution possibilitiesRead MoreThe Predator Of The Sea1480 Words   |  6 Pagesyears (Sharks World, 2017). 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Relational Databases Free Essays

CHAPTER 4 RELATIONAL DATABASES SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 4. 1 Contrast the logical and the physical view of data and discuss why separate views are necessary in database applications. Describe which perspective is most useful for each of the following employees: a programmer, a manager, and an internal auditor. We will write a custom essay sample on Relational Databases or any similar topic only for you Order Now How will understanding logical data structures assist you when designing and using database systems?4. 2 Databases are possible because of their database management system (DBMS). As shown in Figure 4. 2, the DBMS is a software program that sits between the actual data stored in the system and the application programs that use the data. As shown in Figure 4. 4, this allows users to separate the way they view the data (called the logical view) from the way the data is actually stored (the physical view). The DBMS interprets the users’ requests and retrieves, manipulates, or stores the data as needed. The two distinct views separate the applications from the physical information, providing increased flexibility in applications, improved data security, and ease of use.In a database system, the manager will rarely need to understand or be familiar with the physical view of the data. Nor, in most instances, will the internal auditor and the programmer as most everything they do involves the logical view of the data. If accountants understand logical data structures and the logical view of the data, they are better able to manage, use, and audit a database and its data. 4. 2 The relational data model represents data as being stored in tables. Spreadsheets are another tool that accountants use to employ a tabular representation of data.What are some similarities and differences in the way these tools use tables? How might an accountant’s familiarity with the tabular representation of spreadsheets facilitate or hinder learning how to use a relational DBMS? A major difference between spreadsheets and databases is that spreadsheets are designed primarily to handle numeric data, whereas databases can handle both text and numbers. Consequently, the query and sorting capabilities of spreadsheets are much more limited than what can be accomplished with a DBMS that has a good query language.Accountants’ familiarity with spreadsheets might hinder their ability to design and use relational DB MS because many links in spreadsheets are preprogrammed and designed in, whereas a well-designed relational database is designed to facilitate ad-hoc queries. Accountants’ familiarity with spreadsheets sometimes leads them to use a spreadsheet for a task that a database could handle much better. Over the years, the Journal of Accountancy has published a number of very good articles on how to use databases and when to use databases and when to use spreadsheets. These articles can be found on the Journal’s website: http://www. ournalofaccountancy. com/4. 3 Some people believe database technology may eliminate the need for double-entry accounting. This creates three possibilities: (1) the double-entry model will be abandoned; (2) the double-entry model will not be used directly, but an external-level schema based on the double-entry model will be defined for accountants’ use; or (3) the double-entry model will be retained in database systems. Which alternative do you think is most likely to occur? Why? There is no correct answer to this question because it is asking the student to express his opinion on what will happen in the future.Therefore, the quality of his answer depends on the justifications provided. Good answers should address the following: Database technology does permit abandonment of double entry, but there will likely be great resistance to such a radical change. Thus, students choosing this option need to present reasons why they think such a radical change would succeed. The use of a schema for accountants seems quite plausible. It does eliminate the redundancy of double entry from the database system, yet it still provides a framework familiar and useful to accountants and financial analysts. There is a good possibility that double entry will remain, even in databases, due to inertia. Indeed, many modern AIS, such as ERP systems, use databases but also retain the principles of double entry.4. 4 Relational DBMS query languages provide easy access to information about the organization’s activities. Does this mean that online, real-time processing should be used for all transactions? Does an organization need real-time financial reports? Why or why not? ;lt;/para;gt;;lt;/question;gt;;lt;/general-problem;gt;;lt;/problemset;gt; On-line real-time processing is not necessary for every business transaction.For example, batch processing is adequate for payroll: there is little need for the data to be current except on payday. Real-time financial statements are useful for planning and provide management with better ability to react to changes in the environment. Nevertheless, real-time financial statements may present distorted pictures of reality if accruals have been ignored or not properly recognized. 4. 5 Why is it so important to have good data? Bad data costs businesses over $600 billion a year. Some people estimate that over 25% of business data is inaccurate or incomplete. In addition, incorrect database data can lead to bad decisions, embarrassment, and angry users. The text illustrated this with the following examples: For quite some time, a company sent half its catalogs to incorrect addresses. A manager finally investigated the large volume of returns and customer complaints and corrected the customer addresses in the database.He saved the company $12 million a year. Valparaiso, Indiana used the county database to develop its tax rates. After mailing the tax notices, it was discovered that a $121,900 home was valued at $400 million. Due to the $3. 1 million property tax revenue shortfall, the city, the school district, and governmental agencies had to make severe budget cuts.   Managing data is not going to get any easier as the quantity of data generated and stored doubles every 18 months.4.6 What is a data dictionary, what does it contain, and how is it used? contains information about the structure of the database. Table 4-1 shows that there is a record in the dictionary describing each data element. The DBMS maintains the data dictionary, whose inputs include new or deleted data elements and changes in data element names, descriptions, or uses.Outputs include reports for programmers, designers, and users. These reports are used for system documentation, database design and implementation, and as part of the audit trail.4. 7   Compare and contrast the file-oriented approach and the database approach. Explain the main advantages of database systems. Information about the attributes of a customer, such as name and address, are stored in fields. Fields contain data about one entity (e. g. , one customer). Multiple fields form a record. A set of related records, such as all customer records, forms a file (e. g. , the customer file).A set of interrelated, centrally coordinated files forms a database. illustrates the differences between file-oriented and database systems. In the database approach, data is an organizational resource that is used by and managed for the entire organization, not just the originating department. A database management system (DBMS) is the interface between the database and the various application programs.The database, the DBMS, and the application programs that access the database through the DBMS are referred to as the Database systems were developed to address the proliferation of master files. This proliferation created problems such as the same data stored in two or more master files. This made it difficult to integrate and update data and to obtain an organization-wide view of data.LimitAccount Balance| 4. 2Most DBMS packages contain data definition, data manipulation, and data query languages. For each of the following, indicate which language would be used and why. 1. A database administrator defines the logical structure of the database The DDL – this is the language used to define the database. b. The controller requests a cost accounting report containing a list of all employees being paid for more than 10 hours overtime in a given week. The DQL – this is an example of a query. c. A programmer develops a program to update the fixed-assets records stored in the database.The DML – this is the language used to actually process transaction data and update the database. d. The human resources manager requests a report noting all employees who are retiring within five years. The DQL – another example of a task that involves querying the database. e. The inventory serial number field is extended in the inventory records to allow for recognition of additional inventory items with serial numbers containing more than 10 digits. The DDL and the DML – the former to alter the structure, the latter to make the change. f. A user develops a program to print out all purchases made during the past two weeks.The DQL – this listing can be produced by a query. g. An additional field is added to the fixed-asset records to record the estimated salvage value of each asset. The DDL and the DML – the former to add the field, the latter to enter data in it. 4. 3Ashton wants to store the following data about S;amp;S’s purchases of inventory: item numberdate of purchase vendor numbervendor address vendor namepurchase price quantity purchasedemployee number employee namepurchase order number descriptionquantity on hand extended amounttotal amount of purchase a. Design a set of relational tables to store this data.Do all of the data items need to be stored in a table? If not, which ones do not need to be stored and why do they not need to be stored? b. Identify the primary key for each table. c. Identify the foreign keys needed in the tables to implement referential integrity. Table Name| Primary Key| Foreign Keys| Other Attributes| Inventory| Item Number| | DescriptionQuantity on Hand| Purchases| Purchase order number| Vendor numberPurchasing Agent (employee number)| Date of purchaseTotal amount of purchase| Purchases-Inventory| Item numberPurchase order number| |Quantity purchasedUnit cost (actual)Extended amount| Vendor| Vendor number| | Vendor nameVendor address| Employees | Employee number | | Employee name| Extended amount and Total amount of purchase do not have to be stored in the database as they can be calculated from other values. Extended amount is Quantity purchased x Unit cost. Total amount of purchase is the sum of all the extended amounts for all items on a particular purchase order, d. Implement your tables using any relational database product to which you have access. Test your specification by entering sample data in each table. f. Create a few queries to retrieve or analyze the data you stored. There is no solution to parts d through f as students will select different software packages and come up with different queries. 4. 4Retrieve the S;amp;S In-Chapter Database (in Microsoft Access format) from the text’s Web site (or create the tables in a relational DBMS product).NOTE: In order to get a list of lenders without duplicates the property sheet of the query needs to be modified by setting the value of the Unique Values property to Yes. This can be seen in the screenshot below. The property sheet is found under the Design tab of the ribbon. Setting Unique Values to Yes is the equivalent of entering the DISTINCT keyword in SQL select statements. Query Result f. Which borrower requested the largest mortgage? Query Notice that in the Design section on the ribbon, you must set the Return value to 1 (located in the Query Setup group).This indicates to Access to only return the top result. See the image below for a screenshot of this. Query Result g. Which borrower requested the smallest mortgage? Query Query Result As with problem 4-10-f, you must set the Return value to 1 in the Design section of the ribbon (located in the Query Setup group). This indicates to Access to only return the top result. See the image below for a screenshot of this. SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO THE CASES 4. 1As in all areas of information technology, DBMSs are constantly How to cite Relational Databases, Papers

The Phenomenon of Football Shoes free essay sample

Marketing Culture 2010 The phenomenon of football shoes whats your color? Background Since the first classic football shoes were introduced in 18861, they were simple uniform brown/black leather shoes with studs. The one and only characteristic of the early football boot was to provide the player grip on the playing surface and prevent him from slipping on muddy or wet grounds. During the following decades the football shoe underwent several technical modifications, especially in terms of the material they were composed of. Nevertheless, one particular characteristic all the mime remained the same: the color of the shoes, which was standard black. This aspect changed in the mid-ass, when manufacturers started to provide some world- class players with white shoes. These shoes where released on a basis of sponsoring deals to promote their products. By and by manufacturers launched football shoes in various colors and are enjoying great popularity. Big name companies such as Nikkei, Aids and Puma are releasing new special designed football boots frequently. We will write a custom essay sample on The Phenomenon of Football Shoes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nowadays wearing clouded football shoes is very common, even in the lowest divisions and youth football. In other words: it is not easy to find the original black clouded football shoe back on the pitch; blue, green, red, white, yellow, silver, gold and even pink are presently established colors for football shoes. However, in the football world this development is more and more meeting with critics. Most prominent disputer of the clouded football shoe is Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson: Under new rules Manchester United Junior players have been banned from wearing anything other than old-school black while on club business. Reason for this is that Ferguson is becoming concerned that some of United stars of he future were beginning to get ahead of themselves. 3 12 http://www. Owe. Com/about_6118591 _history-soccer-shoes. HTML http:// www. Guardian. Co. UK/football/2010/Feb./22/Manchester-united-premiering 3 http:// www. Dillydally. Co. UK/sport/football/article-1253304/Sir-Alex-Ferguson-continues- clampdown-cinematographers-United-academy-kids. HTML 2 Problem stating In this paper I want to tint out which social and market doctors nave led too rise tot wearing clouded football shoes in such a relatively short period of time. Is it a question of fashion/style, a way of salesperson? Furthermore I want to create a connection to theories related to consumption and solidification. As football originally is recognized as a team sport where the members of the team build uniformity also visually by wearing the same shirts, in recent years single players are trying to come out of this uniformity by having extraordinary haircuts, tattoos and the above-mentioned colorful football shoes. I want to describe this development in terms of processes of differentiation and imitation. German Team 1994 all players wearing the same black shoes. Source: http:// www. Welt. /sport/fastball/article 0133896/Matthews-Debut-weird-fur-Bulgarian- sum-Finale. HTML German Team 2010 6 out of 11 players wearing clouded football shoes. Source: http://www. Bulletproofing. De/blob/201 (H)7/unsatisfactory-Deutsche-for-deem- spiel-gene-spaniel. HTML 3 Theory and illustrations The enormous rise of the availability of clouded football shoes h as different cohered causes. As mentioned before, a few famous footballers started wearing white football boots in the mid asss. This peculiarity extended to more and more professional footballers, later amplified by different colors and personalized printings on the hoes. The players wearing this kind of special shoes are mainly characterized by a creative and appealing way of playing, connected to an extravagant attitude. In general, it can be said that these types of players are idols in the world of football. For many fans these players function as a role-model and are imitated in every possible way for example by wearing the same football boots as the star players, the consumer tries to imitate his idol. Subsequently the sports- article companies took this aspect as an opportunity to launch the clouded football shoes on the broad nonuser market. This resulted in a great success, clouded football shoes experienced enormous sales. Consumers adopted the new style of sportswear in a very short period of time. A reason for this behavior is the urge of the individual to create a self-definition, as defined in the article by McCracken (1986)4 where it says that One of the ways individuals satisfy the freedom and fulfill responsibility of self- definition is through the systematic appropriation of the meaningful properties of goods. In relation to the choice of a clouded football shoe, the individual is choosing tool to express creativity and uniqueness. This leads to the assumption that the black shoe is a standard so consequently a shoe with bright colors makes the user protruding and special. The conscious choice of a clouded football shoe, which comparably can be referred as a styling issue is also validating the theory of social affiliation as described in the article of Thompson, Craig J. Donna (1997)5 Fashion meanings can be used to forge distinctions and to foster a sense of standing out, or they can be used to torte a sense tot affiliation Witt others and to tester an affirming ensue of social belonging. The last part of the quotation can be interpreted into the general perception of the football world as follows: As there are two basic types of players; the down to earth, hardworking defender and on the other side the creative, light-footed and entertaining attacking player, each group underlines their belonging within. So generally spoken the attacking players would wear the eye-catching colorful boots whereas the defend ers give preference to the standard black shoes. The broad offer of new football shoes goes parallel with the developments in the mineral fashion and clothing industry. In the course of the globalization, during the last decades the fashion industry experienced a large growth, leading to a stronger competition amongst suppliers. To attract the consumers attention and saturate their needs, companies are releasing new product lines 4 McCracken, Grant (1986), Culture and consumption: A theoretical account of the structure and movement of the cultural meaning of consumer goods, Journal of consumer Research, 13 (1986), 71-84. Thompson, Craig J. Donna (1997), Speaking of Fashion: Consumers Use of Fashion Discourses and the Appropriation of Countervailing Cultural Meanings, Journal of Consumer Research 24 (1): 15-42. 4 permanently. Ergo, the velocity of changing styles accelerated rapidly. The resulting development was that during time consumer needs generated to more extraordinary, eye-catching clothes to create an own, personalized sty le. In the course of the high competition amongst the suppliers, creativity in terms of product development became an important aspect. Another important aspect is the stronger influence on the consumers created by the media, as quoted in the article of Bell, Russell W. GLiz Gear SRene Aggregates (2003) 6 Prior work also suggests that consumers willingly act as sorcerers apprentices in window-shopping, daydreaming, television viewing, magazine reading, Internet surfing, word-of-mouth conversing, and an often notes- casual observing of others consumption (Bell 2001; Bell et al. 1997;Breeders 1993) The result of this is an intensification of marketing-actions. In terms of promoting (clouded) football shoes in particular, sports-companies are making primarily use of famous football stars, which are sponsored by the firms. The world best football layers are basically contracted by the 2 biggest sports-articles manufacturers in the world: aids and Nikkei. These companies compete for highest market share with different players, but are using basically the same instrument: creating a desire. In this coherence, desire can be described as a longing for a person or object or hoping for an outcome. Desire is the incentive to take measures. The factors determine a desire are described by Bell, Russell W. , GLiz Gear SRene Aggregates (2003) 7 Desires are nurtured by self-embellished fantasies of a wholly different self, and hey may be stimulated by external sources, including advertising, retail displays, films, television programs, stories told by other people, and the consumption behavior tot real or imaginary others. In conjunction Witt the marketing-actions tot the big sports-articles manufacturers, one could assume that these companies try to create a desire towards the consumer of being one of the well-known football stars. This desire is shaped by the above quoted external sources. Companies communicate messages like be faster, be seen and be the best to create the desire of being a second Lionel Mimesis or Christiana Ronald. Bell, Russell W. , GLiz Gear SRene Aggregates: The Fire of Desire: A Multi-Sited Inquiry into Consumer Passions, Journal of Consumer Research, Volvo. 30, no. 3 (December), 326-351. 7 Bell, Russell W. , GLiz Gear SRene Aggregates: The Fire of Desire: A Multi-Sited Inquiry into Consumer Passions, Journal of Consumer Research, Volvo. 0, no. 3 (December), 326-351. 5 Star-player Lionel Mimesis promoting a new aids oddball shoe. Source: http:// www. aids. Com/football/dc/products/off Nikkei-advertisement; special edition signed by star-player Christiana Ronald Source: http://www. Nikkei. Mom/nonnegotiable/homeland=en_KGB During my period both as a coach of a youth-football team as well as a player of the men s team I experienced some significant differences concerning the choice of (c louded) football shoes. For this article I contacted some of my former team-mates and players of the youth-team I coached, to get insight in their motivations to wear (or not to wear) clouded football shoes. According to the 15 year old Lukas his main motivation to wear a particular clouded boot was: My teammates and friends Luck and Dennis showed up with these green Nines and I was Just wearing my boring ark-blue ones. I am already playing one and a half years with these shoes. So I also wanted to get those green Nikkei s. Unfortunately I could t afford to buy them so I had to wait until my birthday. According to the theory of Consumption Practices and Identity in the article of Richard Elliot (2004) 8 this statement shows that both the influence of socially constructed resources, like in this case through the teammates, as well the structural/positional sources of the self in this case the financial situation, is an important aspect to determine the Sites of the Self-in-Action. Another form of motivation can be seen in the statement of Luck (14), expressing a certain kind of desire: My favorite player is Arcane Robber, he is so fast! In my team I am also the fastest player so I am the Robber in our team. During the last World Cup I saw him playing with the new Nikkei 9TH so I definitely had to get them too! Bell, Russell W. , GLiz Gear SRene Aggregates (2003)9 pointed out this aspect tot desire: But we tint that the person who tells strong desire NAS almost always actively stimulated this desire by attending, seeking out, entertaining, ND embellishing such images. Luck has also actively stimulated his desire, as he compares himself with his idol. Another motivation was expressed by Matthias (24): With wearing these blue boots, it is fitting perfectly to our blue and white football shirt. + Well, I am trying to look good in daily life so why shouldnt I do so on the football pitch? This explanation can be referred to styling issues. Matthias is focusing on looking good by creating a matching outfit. So in this case, wearing clouded football shoes would be a part of self-production created by styling and can e referred to the theories of consumption and self-production by Maguire, Jennifer Smith, Castaway, Kim (2008)10: Style, a process of negotiating double binds, paradoxes and tensions, is a constituent practice of solidification. A contradictory meaning can be seen at the meaning of Holler (33): No, I would never buy such a clouded shoe! I never even thought about it. We are on the football field and not at a fashion show . So when we refer to the different statements of the distinct persons we can broadly say that the younger generations (30). An explanation of this could be that the emphasis in terms of self-production has a big impact on especially younger people. This assumption can be seen back in the quotation of Maguire, Jennifer Smith, Castaway, Kim (2008)11 In working on their appearances, young adults negotiate the competing demands of forging an identity in a consumer society to fit in and be accepted, but at the same time to stand out as an individual. (Grown 1997) 8 Elliott, Richard (2004), Making Up People: Consumption as a Symbolic Vocabulary for the Construction of Identity, in K. Sister ¶m H. Bricked, des. Elusive Consumption, Oxford: Berg, 129-143. 9 Bell, Russell W. , GLiz Gear SRene Aggregates: The Fire of Volvo. 30, no. (December), 326-351. 10 Maguire, Jennifer Smith, Castaway, Kim (2008), Looking good: Consumption and the problems of solidification, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 1 1(1): 63-81. 11 Maguire, Jennifer Smith, Castaway, Kim (2008), cultural studies, 1 1(1): 63-81. 7 Conclusion After analyzing the great success of the clouded football shoe in the modern football world, one can conclude that this phenom enon has different, coherent causes. Nowadays Football shoes can be referred as a styling issue, which is validating the theory of social affiliation and a part of solidification. During the time the individual has developed an urge to create self-definition. To reach this self-definition, a clouded football shoe functions as a tool to express creativity and uniqueness. Furthermore the velocity tot changing styles accelerated rapidly because tot the stronger competition amongst suppliers in the course of the globalization in the past decades. This lead to more creativity in terms of product development serving roundworm for developing those extraordinary football shoes. Another important aspect is the stronger impact on the customer created by the media, which are making intensified use of advertising with football stars to create desire amongst the target group. Consumers are trying to imitate their idols, in this case by wearing the same (clouded) football shoes. Remaining determinative factors of the motivation to wear clouded football shoes are the strong influences of socially constructed resources, like the consumer behavior of teammates and friends as well as tutorial/positional sources of the self, for instance the material history and class position.